ABSTRACT
Background: Catalase-positive Aerobic Gram-positive non spore forming bacilli, morphologically resembling Corynebacterium diphthriae, commonly called “diphtheroids” or “coryneform” bacteria are placed under order Actinomycetales. Species of Cornybacterium other than diphtheriae were usually either considered as commensals or saprophytes that are present in human, animal and environment. Among more than eighty species of Corynebacerium identified so far, around 53 species have been associated with human or animal infections. The aim of study is to study the species isolation and antibiogram pattern of diphtheroids from various clinical specimens submitted to the department of microbiology, MRH. Methods: All specimens submitted for culture and sensitivity were observed by gram stain and inoculated on Blood agar, Mac conkey agar and Chocolate agar and incubated. Species of Corynebacteriae were identified by biochemical tests like nitrate, urease basic media, and catalase and pyrazinamide reactions. The antibiogram was determined by the disc diffusion method on 5% sheep blood agar. Results: Over a period of one year, a total of 2081 various clinical specimens were screened, among which 1206 were culture positive. 445(36.89%) were positive for diphtheroids and 761(63%) were positive for other organisms. Non diphtherial corynebacterial species like, C. amycolatum (40.6%), C. pseudo-diphtheriticum (12.1%), C. ulcerans (88%), C. urealyticum (64%), C. propinquum (36%), C. xerosis (4.9%) were isolated and identified. Most of the species were sensitive to antibiotics like Vancomycin(88.7%), Teicoplanin(91%), Linezolid(93%) and Clindamycin (82%). High resistant pattern was shown to antibiotics like Penicillin (83.1%), Amoxyclav (86.9%), Chloramphenicol (69.8%), Gentamicin (68.08%) and Tetracycline (64.04%). Conclusion: The present study is an attempt to identify non diphtherial Corynebacterium upto species level and report their antibiogram pattern. Determination of antibiogram of such pathogens is a must, as these species are highly resistant to many of the commonly used antibiotics including Beta-lactams, macrolides, and fluroquinolones. Emergence of multidrug resistance in various species has created the necessity for exact identification of non diphtherial coryneform organisms upto the species level, which helps the clinician to prescribe the antibiotic treatment based on the results of culture and antibiotic sensitivity report.
ABSTRACT
Background: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are the blood sucking nematodes commonly called hookworms. They cause mild to severe anemia in patients especially children. The most common cause for hookworm infection is unhygienic conditions of the surroundings. Methods: 780 stool samples were collected from the children in wards, ICUs and schools. All the stool samples were subjected to wet mount by iodine and saline. They were also subjected to concentration technique by formalin ethyl acetate solution. Complete Blood Picture, estimation of Hemoglobin was done for all children for anemia and eosinophil testing. Results: 10.1% of the stool samples were positive for hookworms with 43 boys and 36 girls. 79.1% of the males and 88.3% of females were anemic with overall percentage being. Most of the children were from poor background with unhygienic conditions. Conclusion: Since most children belonged to poor background with unhygienic conditions, health education, improvement in sanitation, and mass treatment in affected areas can be tried.
ABSTRACT
Background: Infectious diseases are the greatest challenge of the world. The main failure in the treatment of infectious diseases is development of antibiotic resistance by the infective agents. Combination drug therapy is proposed to be more successful to contain diseases. But before the selection of combination of antibiotics, it is important to determine interaction of such antibiotics. Two antibiotics may have either synergistic or antagonistic action. In this study it was designed to find out the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), which is usually used for the quantitative assessment of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Methods: Checkerboard titration in microtitre trays used for this assay, and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) and Fractional Bactericidal Concentration (FBC) measured to identify the type of interaction between the two antibiotics. Cefsulodin (Cef) and Kanamycin (Kan) were used against Escherechia coli (Esch. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) to determine the efficacy of these antibiotics in combination. Results: MIC of cefsulodin and kanamycin against Staph. aureus was 3.125 and 3.125 respectively. MIC of Cef for Esch. coli was 6.25 and for Kan 50. FIC for Staph. aureus was 1. FIC for Esch. coli was different in different antibiotic concentrations and the least value was 0.37. There was no bactericidal effect of these antibiotics in combination against these organisms. Conclusion: Combination of two drugs cefsulodin and kanamycin showed synergistic action against Esch. coli and additive against Staph. aureus. So combined drug therapy can be used for better treatment with low toxicity, broad spectrum activity, and prevent emergence of drug resistance organism.
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to examine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the strains of bacteria isolated from patients with suspected urinary tract infection. A total of 348 bacterial isolates were grown from semi quantitative urine culture and were of significant bacteriuria. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Muller-Hinton agar by disc diffusion method according to the standard criteria of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (55.4%) followed by nitrofurantoin (45.4%), gentamicin (45.1%), amikacin (41.4%) and co-trimoxazole (30.5%). E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia showed 78.8 % and 75.3 % resistance to three or more drugs respectively. Cefotaxime (87.1%) appeared to be the most active antibiotic against the majority of isolates, followed by Norfloxacin (83.3%).